单元测试在隔离环境中测试智能体中细小、确定性的部分。通过用内存中的假模型(也称为测试夹具)替换真实的 LLM,您可以编写精确的响应(文本、工具调用和错误),从而使测试快速、免费且可重复,无需 API 密钥。
使用 fakeModel 模拟聊天模型
fakeModel 是一个构建器风格的假聊天模型,允许您编写精确的响应(文本、工具调用、错误)并断言模型接收的内容。它扩展自 BaseChatModel ,因此可以在任何需要真实模型的地方使用。
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
快速开始
创建一个模型,使用 .respond() 排队响应,然后调用。每次 invoke() 调用会按顺序消耗下一个排队的响应:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "I can help with that." ))
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "Here's what I found." ))
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "You're welcome!" )) ;
const r1 = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "Can you help?" )]) ;
// r1.content === "I can help with that."
const r2 = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "What did you find?" )]) ;
// r2.content === "Here's what I found."
const r3 = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "Thanks!" )]) ;
// r3.content === "You're welcome!"
如果模型被调用的次数多于排队的响应数量,它会抛出一个描述性错误:
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "only one" )) ;
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "first" )]) ; // 正常工作
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "second" )]) ; // 抛出错误:"no response queued for invocation 1"
工具调用响应
.respond() 通过传递带有 tool_calls 的 AIMessage 来支持工具调用:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new AIMessage ( {
content : "" ,
tool_calls : [
{ name : "get_weather" , args : { city : "San Francisco" }, id : "call_1" , type : "tool_call" },
] ,
} ))
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "It's 72°F and sunny in San Francisco." )) ;
const r1 = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "What's the weather in SF?" )]) ;
console . log (r1 . tool_calls[ 0 ] . name) ; // "get_weather"
const r2 = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "Thanks" )]) ;
console . log (r2 . content) ; // "It's 72°F and sunny in San Francisco."
.respondWithTools() 是实现相同功能的简写。无需构建完整的 AIMessage,只需提供工具名称和参数:
// 这两个排队条目产生相同的响应:
model . respond ( new AIMessage ( {
content : "" ,
tool_calls : [
{ name : "get_weather" , args : { city : "SF" }, id : "call_1" , type : "tool_call" },
] ,
} )) ;
// 等效的简写:
model . respondWithTools ([
{ name : "get_weather" , args : { city : "SF" }, id : "call_1" },
]) ;
id 字段是可选的。如果省略,会自动生成一个唯一 ID。
.respond() 和 .respondWithTools() 可以按任意顺序自由混合使用。这对于测试智能体循环特别有用,在这种循环中,模型在工具调用和文本响应之间交替进行。
模拟错误
在特定轮次出错
向 .respond() 传递一个 Error 会使模型在该特定调用时抛出错误。错误可以出现在序列中的任何位置:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new Error ( "rate limit exceeded" )) // 第 1 轮:抛出错误
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "Recovered!" )) ; // 第 2 轮:成功
try {
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "first" )]) ;
} catch (e) {
console . log (e . message) ; // "rate limit exceeded"
}
const result = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "retry" )]) ;
console . log (result . content) ; // "Recovered!"
每次调用都出错
.alwaysThrow() 使每次调用都抛出错误,无论队列如何。这对于测试错误处理和重试逻辑很有用:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel () . alwaysThrow ( new Error ( "service unavailable" )) ;
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "a" )]) ; // 抛出 "service unavailable"
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "b" )]) ; // 抛出 "service unavailable"
使用工厂函数实现动态响应
.respond() 也接受一个函数,该函数根据输入消息计算响应。函数接收完整的消息数组,并返回一个 BaseMessage 或一个 Error:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( ( messages ) => {
const last = messages[messages . length - 1 ] . text ;
return new AIMessage ( `You said: ${ last } ` ) ;
} ) ;
const result = await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "hello" )]) ;
console . log (result . content) ; // "You said: hello"
工厂函数也可以返回错误:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( ( messages ) => {
const content = messages[messages . length - 1 ] . text ;
if (content . includes ( "forbidden" )) {
return new Error ( "Content policy violation" ) ;
}
return new AIMessage ( "OK" ) ;
} ) ;
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "forbidden topic" )]) ; // 抛出 "Content policy violation"
每个函数都是一个单独的队列条目,只消耗一次。要为多个轮次重用相同的动态逻辑,请排队多个 respond 函数调用。
结构化输出
对于使用 .withStructuredOutput() 的代码,使用 .structuredResponse() 配置假返回值:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
import { z } from "zod" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. structuredResponse ( { temperature : 72 , unit : "fahrenheit" } ) ;
const structured = model . withStructuredOutput (
z . object ( {
temperature : z . number () ,
unit : z . string () ,
} )
) ;
const result = await structured . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "Weather?" )]) ;
console . log (result) ;
// { temperature: 72, unit: "fahrenheit" }
传递给 .withStructuredOutput() 的模式会被忽略。模型始终返回使用 .structuredResponse() 配置的值。这使测试专注于应用程序逻辑而非解析。
断言模型接收的内容
fakeModel 记录每次调用,包括传递给模型的消息和选项。这类似于传统测试框架中的间谍或模拟对象:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "first" ))
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "second" )) ;
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "question 1" )]) ;
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "question 2" )]) ;
console . log (model . callCount) ; // 2
console . log (model . calls[ 0 ] . messages[ 0 ] . content) ; // "question 1"
console . log (model . calls[ 1 ] . messages[ 0 ] . content) ; // "question 2"
即使模型抛出错误,调用也会被记录:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
const model = fakeModel () . respond ( new Error ( "boom" )) ;
try {
await model . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "will fail" )]) ;
} catch {
// 错误已处理
}
console . log (model . callCount) ; // 1
console . log (model . calls[ 0 ] . messages[ 0 ] . content) ; // "will fail"
像 LangChain 智能体和 LangGraph 这样的智能体框架在内部调用 model.bindTools(tools)。fakeModel 会自动处理这一点。绑定的模型与原始模型共享相同的响应队列和调用记录,因此无需特殊设置:
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
import { tool } from "@langchain/core/tools" ;
import { z } from "zod" ;
const searchTool = tool ( async ({ query }) => `Results for: ${ query } ` , {
name : "search" ,
description : "Search the web" ,
schema : z . object ( { query : z . string () } ) ,
} ) ;
const model = fakeModel ()
. respondWithTools ([ { name : "search" , args : { query : "weather" }, id : "1" } ])
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "The weather is sunny." )) ;
const bound = model . bindTools ([searchTool]) ;
const r1 = await bound . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "weather?" )]) ;
console . log (r1 . tool_calls[ 0 ] . name) ; // "search"
const r2 = await bound . invoke ([ new HumanMessage ( "thanks" )]) ;
console . log (r2 . content) ; // "The weather is sunny."
// 调用记录是共享的。通过原始模型进行检查。
console . log (model . callCount) ; // 2
import { describe , test , expect } from "vitest" ;
import { fakeModel } from "langchain" ;
import { AIMessage , HumanMessage , ToolMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages" ;
import { tool } from "@langchain/core/tools" ;
import { z } from "zod" ;
const getWeather = tool (
async ({ city }) => `72°F and sunny in ${ city } ` ,
{
name : "get_weather" ,
description : "Get weather for a city" ,
schema : z . object ( { city : z . string () } ) ,
}
) ;
async function runAgent (
model : ReturnType < typeof fakeModel > ,
input : string
) {
const messages : any [] = [ new HumanMessage (input)] ;
const bound = model . bindTools ([getWeather]) ;
while ( true ) {
const response = await bound . invoke (messages) ;
messages . push (response) ;
if ( ! response . tool_calls ?. length) {
return { messages , finalResponse : response };
}
for ( const tc of response . tool_calls) {
const result = await getWeather . invoke (tc . args) ;
messages . push ( new ToolMessage ( {
content : result as string ,
tool_call_id : tc . id ! ,
} )) ;
}
}
}
describe ( "weather agent" , () => {
test ( "calls get_weather and returns a final answer" , async () => {
const model = fakeModel ()
. respondWithTools ([
{ name : "get_weather" , args : { city : "SF" }, id : "call_1" },
])
. respond ( new AIMessage ( "It's 72°F and sunny in SF!" )) ;
const { finalResponse } = await runAgent (model , "Weather in SF?" ) ;
expect (finalResponse . content) . toBe ( "It's 72°F and sunny in SF!" ) ;
expect (model . callCount) . toBe ( 2 ) ;
const secondCall = model . calls[ 1 ] . messages ;
const toolMsg = secondCall . find ( ( m : any ) => m . _getType () === "tool" ) ;
expect (toolMsg ?. content) . toContain ( "72°F and sunny in SF" ) ;
} ) ;
test ( "handles model errors gracefully" , async () => {
const model = fakeModel ()
. respond ( new Error ( "rate limit" )) ;
await expect (
runAgent (model , "Weather?" )
) . rejects . toThrow ( "rate limit" ) ;
expect (model . callCount) . toBe ( 1 ) ;
} ) ;
} ) ;
后续步骤
了解如何使用真实模型提供商 API 测试您的智能体,请参阅集成测试 。
将这些文档连接 到 Claude、VSCode 等,通过 MCP 获取实时答案。