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将 HTML 文档分割为可管理的块对于自然语言处理、搜索索引等各种文本处理任务至关重要。在本指南中,我们将探讨 LangChain 提供的三种不同文本分割器,您可以使用它们有效地分割 HTML 内容: 这些分割器各有独特的功能和使用场景。本指南将帮助您了解它们之间的区别、为何选择某一个以及如何有效地使用它们。
pip install -qU langchain-text-splitters

分割器概述

HTMLHeaderTextSplitter

当您希望根据文档标题保留文档的层次结构时非常有用。
描述:根据标题标签(如 <h1><h2><h3> 等)分割 HTML 文本,并为与给定块相关的每个标题添加元数据。 功能
  • 在 HTML 元素级别分割文本。
  • 保留文档结构中编码的上下文丰富信息。
  • 可逐元素返回块,也可合并具有相同元数据的元素。

HTMLSectionSplitter

当您希望将 HTML 文档分割为更大的节(如 <section><div> 或自定义节)时非常有用。
描述:与 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 类似,但专注于根据指定标签将 HTML 分割为节。 功能
  • 使用 XSLT 变换来检测和分割节。
  • 内部对大型节使用 RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
  • 考虑字体大小来确定节。

HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter

当您需要确保结构化元素不跨块分割、保留上下文相关性时最为理想。
描述:在保留表格、列表等重要元素语义结构的同时,将 HTML 内容分割为可管理的块。 功能
  • 保留表格、列表和其他指定的 HTML 元素。
  • 允许为特定 HTML 标签自定义处理器。
  • 确保文档的语义含义得以维护。
  • 内置规范化与停用词移除

选择合适的分割器

  • 使用 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 的场景:需要根据标题层次分割 HTML 文档,并维护关于标题的元数据。
  • 使用 HTMLSectionSplitter 的场景:需要将文档分割为更大、更通用的节,可能基于自定义标签或字体大小。
  • 使用 HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 的场景:需要在保留表格和列表等语义元素的同时分割文档,确保它们不被分割且上下文得以维护。
功能HTMLHeaderTextSplitterHTMLSectionSplitterHTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter
基于标题分割
保留语义元素(表格、列表)
为标题添加元数据
HTML 标签自定义处理器
保留媒体(图片、视频)
考虑字体大小
使用 XSLT 变换

HTML 文档示例

我们使用以下 HTML 文档作为示例:
html_string = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
  <html lang='en'>
  <head>
    <meta charset='UTF-8'>
    <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0'>
    <title>Fancy Example HTML Page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Main Title</h1>
    <p>This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.</p>

    <h2>Section 1: Introduction</h2>
    <p>This section introduces the topic. Below is a list:</p>
    <ul>
      <li>First item</li>
      <li>Second item</li>
      <li>Third item with <strong>bold text</strong> and <a href='#'>a link</a></li>
    </ul>

    <h3>Subsection 1.1: Details</h3>
    <p>This subsection provides additional details. Here's a table:</p>
    <table border='1'>
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th>Header 1</th>
          <th>Header 2</th>
          <th>Header 3</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>Row 1, Cell 1</td>
          <td>Row 1, Cell 2</td>
          <td>Row 1, Cell 3</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Row 2, Cell 1</td>
          <td>Row 2, Cell 2</td>
          <td>Row 2, Cell 3</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <h2>Section 2: Media Content</h2>
    <p>This section contains an image and a video:</p>
      <img src='example_image_link.mp4' alt='Example Image'>
      <video controls width='250' src='example_video_link.mp4' type='video/mp4'>
      Your browser does not support the video tag.
    </video>

    <h2>Section 3: Code Example</h2>
    <p>This section contains a code block:</p>
    <pre><code data-lang="html">
    &lt;div&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph inside a div.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    </code></pre>

    <h2>Conclusion</h2>
    <p>This is the conclusion of the document.</p>
  </body>
  </html>
"""

使用 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter

HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 是一个”结构感知”文本分割器,它在 HTML 元素级别分割文本,并为与任何给定块”相关”的每个标题添加元数据。它可以逐元素返回块,也可以合并具有相同元数据的元素,目标是 (a) 语义上(或多或少)将相关文本分组,(b) 保留文档结构中编码的上下文丰富信息。它可以作为分块管道的一部分与其他文本分割器配合使用。 它类似于 Markdown 文件的 MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter 要指定分割的标题,请在实例化 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 时指定 headers_to_split_on,如下所示。
from langchain_text_splitters import HTMLHeaderTextSplitter

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
    ("h3", "Header 3"),
]

html_splitter = HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(headers_to_split_on)
html_header_splits = html_splitter.split_text(html_string)
html_header_splits
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='This section introduces the topic. Below is a list:  \nFirst item Second item Third item with bold text and a link'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction', 'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content="This subsection provides additional details. Here's a table:"),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='This section contains an image and a video:'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='This section contains a code block:'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Conclusion'}, page_content='This is the conclusion of the document.')]
要将每个元素与其关联的标题一起返回,请在实例化 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 时指定 return_each_element=True
html_splitter = HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(
    headers_to_split_on,
    return_each_element=True,
)
html_header_splits_elements = html_splitter.split_text(html_string)
与上面按标题聚合元素的结果对比:
for element in html_header_splits[:2]:
    print(element)
page_content='This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.' metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}
page_content='This section introduces the topic. Below is a list:
First item Second item Third item with bold text and a link' metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}
现在每个元素作为单独的 Document 返回:
for element in html_header_splits_elements[:3]:
    print(element)
page_content='This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.' metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}
page_content='This section introduces the topic. Below is a list:' metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}
page_content='First item Second item Third item with bold text and a link' metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title', 'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}

如何从 URL 或 HTML 文件中分割:

要直接从 URL 读取,请将 URL 字符串传入 split_text_from_url 方法。 同样,本地 HTML 文件可以传入 split_text_from_file 方法。
url = "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel/"

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
    ("h3", "Header 3"),
    ("h4", "Header 4"),
]

html_splitter = HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(headers_to_split_on)

# for local file use html_splitter.split_text_from_file(<path_to_file>)
html_header_splits = html_splitter.split_text_from_url(url)

如何限制块大小:

HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(基于 HTML 标题分割)可以与另一个基于字符长度限制分割的分割器(如 RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter)组合使用。 这可以使用第二个分割器的 .split_documents 方法实现:
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

chunk_size = 500
chunk_overlap = 30
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=chunk_size, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap
)

# Split
splits = text_splitter.split_documents(html_header_splits)
splits[80:85]
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Kurt Gödel', 'Header 2': '2. Gödel’s Mathematical Work', 'Header 3': '2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems', 'Header 4': '2.2.1 The First Incompleteness Theorem'}, page_content='We see that Gödel first tried to reduce the consistency problem for analysis to that of arithmetic. This seemed to require a truth definition for arithmetic, which in turn led to paradoxes, such as the Liar paradox (“This sentence is false”) and Berry’s paradox (“The least number not defined by an expression consisting of just fourteen English words”). Gödel then noticed that such paradoxes would not necessarily arise if truth were replaced by provability. But this means that arithmetic truth'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Kurt Gödel', 'Header 2': '2. Gödel’s Mathematical Work', 'Header 3': '2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems', 'Header 4': '2.2.1 The First Incompleteness Theorem'}, page_content='means that arithmetic truth and arithmetic provability are not co-extensive — whence the First Incompleteness Theorem.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Kurt Gödel', 'Header 2': '2. Gödel’s Mathematical Work', 'Header 3': '2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems', 'Header 4': '2.2.1 The First Incompleteness Theorem'}, page_content='This account of Gödel’s discovery was told to Hao Wang very much after the fact; but in Gödel’s contemporary correspondence with Bernays and Zermelo, essentially the same description of his path to the theorems is given. (See Gödel 2003a and Gödel 2003b respectively.) From those accounts we see that the undefinability of truth in arithmetic, a result credited to Tarski, was likely obtained in some form by Gödel by 1931. But he neither publicized nor published the result; the biases logicians'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Kurt Gödel', 'Header 2': '2. Gödel’s Mathematical Work', 'Header 3': '2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems', 'Header 4': '2.2.1 The First Incompleteness Theorem'}, page_content='result; the biases logicians had expressed at the time concerning the notion of truth, biases which came vehemently to the fore when Tarski announced his results on the undefinability of truth in formal systems 1935, may have served as a deterrent to Gödel’s publication of that theorem.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Kurt Gödel', 'Header 2': '2. Gödel’s Mathematical Work', 'Header 3': '2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems', 'Header 4': '2.2.2 The proof of the First Incompleteness Theorem'}, page_content='We now describe the proof of the two theorems, formulating Gödel’s results in Peano arithmetic. Gödel himself used a system related to that defined in Principia Mathematica, but containing Peano arithmetic. In our presentation of the First and Second Incompleteness Theorems we refer to Peano arithmetic as P, following Gödel’s notation.')]

局限性

HTML 文档之间可能存在相当大的结构差异,尽管 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 会尝试将所有”相关”标题附加到给定块,但有时可能会遗漏某些标题。例如,该算法假设信息层次结构中标题始终位于相关文本”上方”的节点,即先前的兄弟节点、祖先节点及其组合。在以下新闻文章中(截至本文撰写时),文档的结构使得顶级标题文本虽然标记为”h1”,但位于与我们期望其”上方”的文本元素不同的子树中—因此我们可以观察到”h1”元素及其关联文本不会出现在块元数据中(但在适用情况下,我们确实会看到”h2”及其关联文本):
url = "https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/25/weather/el-nino-winter-us-climate/index.html"

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
]

html_splitter = HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(headers_to_split_on)
html_header_splits = html_splitter.split_text_from_url(url)
print(html_header_splits[1].page_content[:500])
No two El Niño winters are the same, but many have temperature and precipitation trends in common.
Average conditions during an El Niño winter across the continental US.
One of the major reasons is the position of the jet stream, which often shifts south during an El Niño winter. This shift typically brings wetter and cooler weather to the South while the North becomes drier and warmer, according to NOAA.
Because the jet stream is essentially a river of air that storms flow through, they c

使用 HTMLSectionSplitter

HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 概念相似,HTMLSectionSplitter 是一个”结构感知”文本分割器,它在元素级别分割文本,并为与任何给定块”相关”的每个标题添加元数据。它允许您按节分割 HTML。 它可以逐元素返回块,也可以合并具有相同元数据的元素,目标是 (a) 语义上(或多或少)将相关文本分组,(b) 保留文档结构中编码的上下文丰富信息。 使用 xslt_path 提供转换 HTML 的绝对路径,以便根据提供的标签检测节。默认使用 data_connection/document_transformers 目录中的 converting_to_header.xslt 文件。这用于将 HTML 转换为更易于检测节的格式/布局。例如,根据字体大小的 span 可以转换为标题标签以被检测为节。

如何分割 HTML 字符串:

from langchain_text_splitters import HTMLSectionSplitter

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
]

html_splitter = HTMLSectionSplitter(headers_to_split_on)
html_header_splits = html_splitter.split_text(html_string)
html_header_splits
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='Main Title \n This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content="Section 1: Introduction \n This section introduces the topic. Below is a list: \n \n First item \n Second item \n Third item with  bold text  and  a link \n \n \n Subsection 1.1: Details \n This subsection provides additional details. Here's a table: \n \n \n \n Header 1 \n Header 2 \n Header 3 \n \n \n \n \n Row 1, Cell 1 \n Row 1, Cell 2 \n Row 1, Cell 3 \n \n \n Row 2, Cell 1 \n Row 2, Cell 2 \n Row 2, Cell 3"),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='Section 2: Media Content \n This section contains an image and a video: \n \n \n      Your browser does not support the video tag.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='Section 3: Code Example \n This section contains a code block: \n \n    <div>\n      <p>This is a paragraph inside a div.</p>\n    </div>'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Conclusion'}, page_content='Conclusion \n This is the conclusion of the document.')]

如何限制块大小:

HTMLSectionSplitter 可以作为分块管道的一部分与其他文本分割器配合使用。当节的大小超过块大小时,内部使用 RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter。它还会考虑文本的字体大小,根据确定的字体大小阈值来判断是否构成一个节。
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
    ("h3", "Header 3"),
]

html_splitter = HTMLSectionSplitter(headers_to_split_on)

html_header_splits = html_splitter.split_text(html_string)

chunk_size = 50
chunk_overlap = 5
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=chunk_size, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap
)

# Split
splits = text_splitter.split_documents(html_header_splits)
splits
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='Main Title'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='This is an introductory paragraph with some'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='some basic content.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='Section 1: Introduction'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='This section introduces the topic. Below is a'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='is a list:'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='First item \n Second item'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='Third item with  bold text  and  a link'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='Subsection 1.1: Details'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='This subsection provides additional details.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content="Here's a table:"),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='Header 1 \n Header 2 \n Header 3'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='Row 1, Cell 1 \n Row 1, Cell 2'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='Row 1, Cell 3 \n \n \n Row 2, Cell 1'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 3': 'Subsection 1.1: Details'}, page_content='Row 2, Cell 2 \n Row 2, Cell 3'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='Section 2: Media Content'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='This section contains an image and a video:'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='Your browser does not support the video'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='tag.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='Section 3: Code Example'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='This section contains a code block: \n \n    <div>'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='<p>This is a paragraph inside a div.</p>'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='</div>'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Conclusion'}, page_content='Conclusion'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Conclusion'}, page_content='This is the conclusion of the document.')]

使用 HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter

HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 旨在将 HTML 内容分割为可管理的块,同时保留表格、列表等重要元素的语义结构。这确保了这些元素不会跨块分割,从而避免丢失表头、列表头等上下文相关性。 该分割器的核心设计目标是创建具有上下文相关性的块。使用 HTMLHeaderTextSplitter 进行通用递归分割可能导致表格、列表和其他结构化元素在中间被分割,丢失重要上下文并产生质量差的块。 HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 对于分割包含表格和列表等结构化元素的 HTML 内容至关重要,尤其是在必须完整保留这些元素时。此外,它为特定 HTML 标签定义自定义处理器的能力使其成为处理复杂 HTML 文档的多功能工具。 重要提示max_chunk_size 不是块的绝对最大大小。最大大小的计算发生在保留内容不属于块的时候,以确保其不被分割。当我们将保留的数据添加回块中时,块大小可能超过 max_chunk_size。这对于确保维护原始文档结构至关重要。
注意事项:
  1. 我们定义了一个自定义处理器来重新格式化代码块的内容
  2. 我们为特定 HTML 元素定义了拒绝列表,以在预处理时分解它们及其内容
  3. 我们特意设置了较小的块大小来演示元素不被分割的效果
# BeautifulSoup is required to use the custom handlers
from bs4 import Tag
from langchain_text_splitters import HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("h1", "Header 1"),
    ("h2", "Header 2"),
]


def code_handler(element: Tag) -> str:
    data_lang = element.get("data-lang")
    code_format = f"<code:{data_lang}>{element.get_text()}</code>"

    return code_format


splitter = HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(
    headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on,
    separators=["\n\n", "\n", ". ", "! ", "? "],
    max_chunk_size=50,
    preserve_images=True,
    preserve_videos=True,
    elements_to_preserve=["table", "ul", "ol", "code"],
    denylist_tags=["script", "style", "head"],
    custom_handlers={"code": code_handler},
)

documents = splitter.split_text(html_string)
documents
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Main Title'}, page_content='This is an introductory paragraph with some basic content.'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='This section introduces the topic'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content='. Below is a list: First item Second item Third item with bold text and a link Subsection 1.1: Details This subsection provides additional details'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 1: Introduction'}, page_content=". Here's a table: Header 1 Header 2 Header 3 Row 1, Cell 1 Row 1, Cell 2 Row 1, Cell 3 Row 2, Cell 1 Row 2, Cell 2 Row 2, Cell 3"),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 2: Media Content'}, page_content='This section contains an image and a video: ![image:example_image_link.mp4](example_image_link.mp4) ![video:example_video_link.mp4](example_video_link.mp4)'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Section 3: Code Example'}, page_content='This section contains a code block: <code:html> <div> <p>This is a paragraph inside a div.</p> </div> </code>'),
 Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Conclusion'}, page_content='This is the conclusion of the document.')]

保留表格和列表

在此示例中,我们将演示 HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 如何在 HTML 文档中保留表格和大型列表。块大小将设置为 50 个字符,以说明分割器如何确保这些元素不被分割,即使它们超过了定义的最大块大小。
from langchain_text_splitters import HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter

html_string = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <body>
        <div>
            <h1>Section 1</h1>
            <p>This section contains an important table and list that should not be split across chunks.</p>
            <table>
                <tr>
                    <th>Item</th>
                    <th>Quantity</th>
                    <th>Price</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>Apples</td>
                    <td>10</td>
                    <td>$1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>Oranges</td>
                    <td>5</td>
                    <td>$0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>Bananas</td>
                    <td>50</td>
                    <td>$1.50</td>
                </tr>
            </table>
            <h2>Subsection 1.1</h2>
            <p>Additional text in subsection 1.1 that is separated from the table and list.</p>
            <p>Here is a detailed list:</p>
            <ul>
                <li>Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important.</li>
                <li>Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information.</li>
                <li>Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
"""

headers_to_split_on = [("h1", "Header 1"), ("h2", "Header 2")]

splitter = HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(
    headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on,
    max_chunk_size=50,
    elements_to_preserve=["table", "ul"],
)

documents = splitter.split_text(html_string)
print(documents)
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section 1'}, page_content='This section contains an important table and list'), Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section 1'}, page_content='that should not be split across chunks.'), Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section 1'}, page_content='Item Quantity Price Apples 10 $1.00 Oranges 5 $0.50 Bananas 50 $1.50'), Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Subsection 1.1'}, page_content='Additional text in subsection 1.1 that is'), Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Subsection 1.1'}, page_content='separated from the table and list. Here is a'), Document(metadata={'Header 2': 'Subsection 1.1'}, page_content="detailed list: Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important. Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information. Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.")]

说明

在此示例中,HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 确保整个表格和无序列表(<ul>)在各自的块中得以保留。即使块大小设置为 50 个字符,分割器也能识别这些元素不应被分割并保持其完整性。 在处理数据表或列表时,这一点尤为重要,因为分割内容可能导致上下文丢失或产生混乱。生成的 Document 对象保留了这些元素的完整结构,确保信息的上下文相关性得以维护。

使用自定义处理器

HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter 允许您为特定 HTML 元素定义自定义处理器。某些平台具有 BeautifulSoup 无法原生解析的自定义 HTML 标签,在这种情况下,您可以利用自定义处理器轻松添加格式化逻辑。 这对于需要特殊处理的元素(如 <iframe> 标签或特定的 data- 元素)特别有用。在此示例中,我们将为 iframe 标签创建一个将其转换为类似 Markdown 链接的自定义处理器。
def custom_iframe_extractor(iframe_tag):
    iframe_src = iframe_tag.get("src", "")
    return f"[iframe:{iframe_src}]({iframe_src})"


splitter = HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(
    headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on,
    max_chunk_size=50,
    separators=["\n\n", "\n", ". "],
    elements_to_preserve=["table", "ul", "ol"],
    custom_handlers={"iframe": custom_iframe_extractor},
)

html_string = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <body>
        <div>
            <h1>Section with Iframe</h1>
            <iframe src="https://example.com/embed"></iframe>
            <p>Some text after the iframe.</p>
            <ul>
                <li>Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important.</li>
                <li>Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information.</li>
                <li>Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
"""

documents = splitter.split_text(html_string)
print(documents)
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section with Iframe'}, page_content='[iframe:https://example.com/embed](https://example.com/embed) Some text after the iframe'), Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section with Iframe'}, page_content=". Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important. Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information. Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.")]

说明

在此示例中,我们为 iframe 标签定义了一个将其转换为类似 Markdown 链接的自定义处理器。当分割器处理 HTML 内容时,它使用此自定义处理器转换 iframe 标签,同时保留表格和列表等其他元素。生成的 Document 对象展示了 iframe 如何按照您提供的自定义逻辑进行处理。 重要提示:保留链接等内容时,请注意不要在分隔符中包含 .,也不要将分隔符留空。RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter 会在句号处分割,这将切断链接。请确保提供包含 . (后面有空格)的分隔符列表。

使用自定义处理器通过 LLM 分析图像

通过自定义处理器,我们还可以覆盖任何元素的默认处理逻辑。一个很好的例子是直接在分块流程中插入文档中图像的语义分析。 由于我们的函数在发现标签时被调用,我们可以覆盖 <img> 标签并关闭 preserve_images,以插入我们希望嵌入块中的任何内容。
"""This example assumes you have helper methods `load_image_from_url` and an LLM agent `llm` that can process image data."""

from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor

# This example needs to be replaced with your own agent
llm = AgentExecutor(...)


# This method is a placeholder for loading image data from a URL and is not implemented here
def load_image_from_url(image_url: str) -> bytes:
    # Assuming this method fetches the image data from the URL
    return b"image_data"


html_string = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <body>
        <div>
            <h1>Section with Image and Link</h1>
            <p>
                <img src="https://example.com/image.jpg" alt="An example image" />
                Some text after the image.
            </p>
            <ul>
                <li>Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important.</li>
                <li>Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information.</li>
                <li>Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
"""


def custom_image_handler(img_tag) -> str:
    img_src = img_tag.get("src", "")
    img_alt = img_tag.get("alt", "No alt text provided")

    image_data = load_image_from_url(img_src)
    semantic_meaning = llm.invoke(image_data)

    markdown_text = f"[Image Alt Text: {img_alt} | Image Source: {img_src} | Image Semantic Meaning: {semantic_meaning}]"

    return markdown_text


splitter = HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(
    headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on,
    max_chunk_size=50,
    separators=["\n\n", "\n", ". "],
    elements_to_preserve=["ul"],
    preserve_images=False,
    custom_handlers={"img": custom_image_handler},
)

documents = splitter.split_text(html_string)

print(documents)
[Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section with Image and Link'}, page_content='[Image Alt Text: An example image | Image Source: https://example.com/image.jpg | Image Semantic Meaning: semantic-meaning] Some text after the image'),
Document(metadata={'Header 1': 'Section with Image and Link'}, page_content=". Item 1: Description of item 1, which is quite detailed and important. Item 2: Description of item 2, which also contains significant information. Item 3: Description of item 3, another item that we don't want to split across chunks.")]

说明:

通过编写自定义处理器从 HTML 中的 <img> 元素提取特定字段,我们可以使用智能体进一步处理数据,并将结果直接插入块中。重要的是确保 preserve_images 设置为 False,否则将使用 <img> 字段的默认处理逻辑。